Sunday, July 5, 2020

Healthy Attachment and Parent - 8250 Words

Healthy Attachment and Parent – Child Relationship (Dissertation Review Sample) Content: Literature reviewName:Institution:Healthy Attachment and Parent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Child RelationshipLiterature ReviewThe literature analyzed in this research was obtained mainly from a broad search of PsychInfo, Medline, ethnological and sociological abstracts, women studies social work; and familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s studies abstracts for peer-reviewed works on parent-child relations; mother-child relations; cross-cultural, child-rearing studies of parenting; ethnic values and identity; attachment behavior; cultural diversity; and cultural characteristics. In carrying out this literature review on the child/infant-caregiver/parent relationship, called attachment - the author aims to explain how the notion is described, defined, practiced, and operationalized.Additional interconnected queries, related to the project objectives that the author of this literature review asked, comprised: Does literature convey attachment relationship characteristics that best prepare an infancy to co nnect healthily to others, both in the family as well as outside the family? Are these features similar for all children and mothers irrespective of culture? What outcomes does different parenting and cultural practices have upon the relationship amid parent/caregiver and the child?Reviewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Limitations and ParametersIt is vital to take note of the following study limitations1) Whereas the intention of this literature assessment review is to afford background evidence for the main study, its objectives and purpose are limited and different for analyzing and summarizing already published research. As is factual of any works review, this literature review can simply mirror what the works includes, and in contrast to the empirical study the author creates in the rest of the research, cannot create hypotheses. Nevertheless, wherever probable, the researcher has recognized what are critical gaps and biases in the current research.2) The literature upon attachment plus cross-cult ural practices linked to attachment is obtained mainly in the social science fields and medicine too. Obviously, much of the terminology and language analysis in the literature review about attachment are rather technical and often abstruse. Whenever it is deemed possible to do so without losing or changing the sense, technical language and concepts are explicated in simple English within this review. Nevertheless, the concepts and the language of a specific author may have connotations attributed to it, which one cannot explain correctly in different terms without altering the intended meaning.A Synopsis of the Theory and Appliance of AttachmentThe word attachment denotes different stuffs to different individuals such as love, commitment, warmth, loyalty, or even affection. Even within the scientific works there appears to be an overlay between attachment, affiliation, and bonding. In this review, the word "attachment" is used to refer precisely to the relation amid an infant (youn g child) and the young child's parent (mostly mother) or ideal caregiver.John Bowlby, a British psychiatrist, founded the concept of attachment during the 1940's and is grounded in part upon his children observations in institutions. According to Bowlby, attachment is essential to an infant's character development as well as to the expansion of healthy habits of connecting with others. Bowlbyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s concept borrows from cognitive psychology, ethology, theory of control systems, and theory of object relations. These multidisciplinary theories all underscore parent-infant relationship patterns, and qualitative aspects in these relations (1951).Bowlby illustrated systems of infant behavior - the system of exploring wherein the infant discovers the world surrounding them. In the affiliate system, the infant learns to interact with others (1951). The wariness/fear system assists the infant to learn about threats and being safe. This is the attachment system, which assists the toddle r to seek closeness to their figure of attachment and cultivate a feeling of security. Bowlby acknowledged this attachment system to be most significant of all the systems. In addition to the attachment systems explained above, there are depictions of attachment bonds, attachment behaviors, and attachment relationships (1973).Attachment behaviors refer to the signals or actions of infants, for example, smiling, crying, and vocalizing that assist to bring the caregiver into closer proximity. The toddler/infant, in later phases, will tangibly approach their parent/caregiver, by walking and crawling towards them. Infants arrive well prepared to perform an active responsibility in cultivating and sustaining an attachment relation. Most infants are alert during birth, plus are soon capable of responding to human language as well as coordinate their movement with adults. A two day old baby, for instance, can differentiate between their mommy's face and odor, as well as the face and odor o f other people (Van den Boom, 2013); (Sagi, 2009); (Vereijken, 2009). The surfacing research on caregiver-infant relationships underscores this functional participation from the infantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ part. The phrase attachment bond refers normally to the reserved intuitive, warm feelings sensed by the parent/ caregiver to the infant. The attachment relation is increasingly acknowledged as the child- caregiver/parent relationship domain (Schore, 2013); (Schore, 2012); (Steinhauer, (2009); (Rosenblum Andrews, 2009).Major Attachment Theory ComponentsThe vital elements within attachment concept include the following: attachment is pervasive to all human beings. Attachment is not culture or race-specific. Attachment is biological and instinctive. Attachment is a 'comprehension', and one cannot learn via teaching or reasoning. Attachment is, thus, intuitive in which many attachments transpire. Attachments are classified and usually the mother-baby attachment is the primary attachment; and is, therefore, hierarchical. Moreover, attachment is more about close (mostly affectionate) relationships, and its influence lasts from birth to grave; therefore, it is lasting and enduring (Pechous, 2012); (Rosenblatt, 2012); (Seideman, et al., 2009); (Sharma LeVine, 2013).The basic principle of attachment concept is that the mutual relationship amid the infant/ child and the parent/caregivers has a natal basis. The core role of this attachment relation is to raise the infantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s survival chances, through helping the toddler to seek closeness to somebody who will nurture for her or him. The attachment relation also considers the emotional facets of mother-infant relationships. Bowlby contended that the institution of infantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s "felt security" and infant/childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s development of "internal working models" is vital, and that unwelcome parting from the attachment-figure causes emotional distress. Current thoughts of the attachment system agree that the baby m ay develop discriminating attachments to several persons. Nevertheless, a hierarchical facet among the relations is respected (Torres-Matrullo, 2013); Tronick et al., 2009); (Troy Sroufe, 2009); (Thompson, 2012).It is correspondingly acknowledged that behaviors of attachment will be displayed with regard to the extent to which the system of attachment is activated. Therefore, the literature proposes, security of attachment in an infant-mother relationship is linked to her availability and proper receptiveness to the child. Once created, the safety of the caregiver/mother relationship is extremely stable throughout time. Furthermore, the research proposes that attachment security foresees other facets of an infant's development, for example, problem solving or social competence (Suomi, 2010); (Symanski, 2011); (Suess, Grossman, Sroufe, 2012); (Phillips Lobar, 2010); (Melhuish, 2012).Forms of Attachment Behaviors and StylesMary Ainsworth's works are influential in comprehending the presently accepted characteristic patterns of diverse attachment relations. Her usage of the alleged "strange situation" trials allowed the organization of noticeable attachment patterns (Ainsworth et al., 1969; Ainsworth et al., 1971). Ainsworth examined the young toddlersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ behavior of ages 12 -20 months via the usage of "strange situation" experimentations. This organized observation procedure centers upon the balance, which the toddler attains between exploratory and attachment behavior when reasonable stress is presented. Three attachment classifications were defined by Ainsworth: 1) Secure Attachment, 2) Insecure Attachment-Avoidant, as well as, 3) Insecure Attachment-Ambivalent (Ainsworth, 1964).The secure infants were those who utilized their caregivers/mothers as a safe base to explore. Upon reuniting with their caregiver/mother, they responded to parents with smiles, optimistic vocalizations and gestures. They sought solace from their mother/caregiver when they w ere split; nonetheless, were easy to comfort and soothe upon their return, and could reintroduce their exploratory interest once consoled. According to Ainsworth (1967) and Ainsworth Wittig (1969), secure toddlers were discovered to be involved in more satisfying relations with their care providers.The insecure toddlers (often defined as anxious) displayed two dissimilar patterns of reaction termed ambivalent and avoidant. The pattern of avoidant was branded by a little exhibition of secure behavior. The toddlers displayed minimal uneasiness upon being split-up from their care providers. Upon reuniting with their caregiver/mother, they distanced themselves from the caregiver and presented more fascination with the toys than the caregiver. The pattern of ambivalent was observed in infants who were either passive or fretful. They responded in an upset manner to parting from their caregiver, but ...

Wednesday, July 1, 2020

The Impact of Setting in The Hobbit - Literature Essay Samples

While it may be easy to underestimate the importance of scenic descriptions, setting plays an important role in most literature including character-driven fantasy. Setting can be written to represent conflicting forces or ideals, and to help illustrate the conflict and overarching idea of a story to the reader. One work of literature that utilizes setting to emphasize conflict and enhance the development of the plot is the novel The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien. Throughout the novel, Tolkien emphasizes the importance of two central locations: Bilbo’s home in The Hill, and the mountain where Smaug the dragon lives. Not only do these places differ in location, as many miles separate The Hill from Smaug’s Mountain, but they also represent contrasting traits from the perspective of Bilbo. Through his contrast between The Hill and Smaug’s Mountain, Tolkien illustrates how Blbos character develops throughout the progression of the story. From the beginning of the novel, when Bilbo first describes his hobbit hole in The Hill, the importance of the hobbit hole to Bilbo is obvious. Not only does the quaint hobbit hole represent safety, comfort, and happiness to Bilbo – it also contains countless memories of his family, who originally built the home, and his childhood. Bilbo acknowledges his love and familiarity for his home when he says â€Å"†¦it was a hobbit hole, and that means comfort† (Tolkien 1). Essentially, the hobbit hole represents everything Bilbo has ever known, and everything he values. As the story progresses, however, and Bilbo gets further away from his home in The Hill, Bilbo’s character changes drastically – he becomes more knowledgeable, and his values change. By the time he reaches Smaug’s Mountain, Bilbo has faced numerous conflicts, from getting lost in Gollum’s cave and managing to escape to fighting the spiders who attacked him and his friends when t raversing through a forest to the army. Overall, The Hill helps convey to the reader how Bilbo’s character develops and becomes a hero – as his journey progresses, he learns to goup against his fears and discomfort, the opposite of what The Hill offered to him, and he learns that adventure is not as bad as he first thought it was. Whereas The Hill is a safe and comforting place for Bilbo, Smaug’s Mountain contains the opposite: an unknown territory of danger and malice. The mountain seems ominous from the second Bilbo and the others reach â€Å"the dark cavernous opening in a great cliff-wall between the arms of the Mountain† (Tolkien 189). To Bilbo, Smaug’s Mountain is the apex of less favorable aspects of adventure, and represents exactly what Bilbo seems to be afraid of: danger, uneasiness, and change. Before Bilbo even knows what the adventure will be, he vehemently refuses Gandalf when he first travels to Bilbo’s home in The Hill to propose the idea of adventure to him. Bilbo justifies his own refusal for adventure by stating â€Å"We are plain quiet folk and have no use for adventures†¦ I can’t think what anybody sees in them† (Tolkien 6). However, by the time Bilbo reaches the mountain, his outlook on adventure, along with his character, has changed drastic ally. Along the way, Bilbo not only experienced danger but learned to face and overcome it. Bilbos journey, and the conflicts he faced throughout it, developed and revealed his inner hero. When he finally reaches Smaug’s Mountain, the adventure’s end goal, Bilbo is no longer the same timid person he used to be. While still fearful of facing the dragon, Bilbo has learned that he is capable of undergoing conflict and facing the unknown. Smaug’s Mountain illustrates Bilbo’s development as a hero – while it may be a source of unknown danger, by the time Bilbo enters it, he is both competent and confident in himself. Overall, The Hill and Smaug’s Mountain play different aspects in the story, but both locations work to develop the plot and characters. Whereas Tolkien introduces The Hill from the very beginning of the novel, Bilbo does not arrive at Smaug’s Mountain until near the end of the novel. Ultimately, The Hill starts the adventure, and Smaug’s Mountain ends it, as reaching it and defeating Smaug appears to be the very goal of Bilbo’s adventure. By writing the locations so far apart from each other, both in location and order of appearance in the novel, Tolkien emphasizes how Bilbo’s character changes throughout the progression of the story. The journey that transpires on the way to the mountain forces Bilbo to adapt to change and learn how to face danger, and therefore acknowledge his inner heroism. When Bilbo leaves The Hill to transpire the journey, he appears timid and weak, and even views himself as such – by the time he reaches Smaug’s Mountain, he has conquered various dangers and conflict, and therefore knows his capability greater than he once thought.